The following symbols and abbreviations are used in Britannica.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
$ dollar (of any currency area)
ú pound (of any currency area)
A.B. : Bachelor of Arts (Latin Artium Baccalaureus); Army Base
A.C.T. : Australian Capital Territory
A.F.B. : Air Force Base
A.F.S. : Air Force Station
A.M. : Master of Arts (Latin Artium Magister)
A.S. : Air Station
A.S.S.R.: Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
abbrev. : abbreviation
AC : alternating current
Ac : actinium
acct. : accounting
ACP : African, Caribbean, and Pacific (Lome IV) convention
act. : actor, actress
AD : in the year of our Lord (Latin anno Domini )
ADB : Asian Development Bank
adj.gen. : adjutant general
adm. : admiral
admin. : administration, administrative
adv. : advertising
Aeg.S. : Aegean Sea
aero. : aeronautics, aeronautical
Af. : Africa, African
Afg. : Afghanistan, Afghani
AG : Limited-liability Company (German Aktiengesellschaft)
Ag : silver (Latin argentum)
agri. : agriculture, agriculturist, agricultural
AH: in the year of the hijrah (hegira), or Muslim era (Latin anno Hegirae)
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Al: aluminum, aluminium
Ala. : Alabama
Alb. : Albania, Albanian
Alg. : Algeria, Algerian
Alsk. : Alaska, Alaskan
Alta. : Alberta
AM : amplitude modulation
AM : before noon (Latin ante meridiem)
Am. : American
Am.Sam. : American Samoa
Amer. : American
anat. : anatomy
anc. : ancient
And. : Andorra, Andorran
And.Is. : Andaman Islands
Ang. : Angola, Angolese
Ant. : Antigua, Antiguan
Ant.B. : Antigua and Barbuda
Antarc. : Antarctica
anthol. : anthology, anthologist
anthro. : anthropology, anthropologist, anthropological
APEC : Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Council
Ar: argon
Arab. : Arabia, Arabic, Arabian
arch. : architecture, architect, architectural
archae. : archaeology, archaeologist, archaeological
archbp. : archbishop
archip. : archipelago
Arct. : Arctic
Arg. : Argentina, Argentine
arith. : arithmetic
Ariz. : Arizona
Ark. : Arkansas
Arm. : Armenia, Armenian
Arpt. : Airport
arrond. : arrondissement
art. : artist
As : arsenic
As. : Asia, Asiatic, Asian
Assoc. : Association
astrol. : astrology, astrologer
astron. : astronomy, astronomer, astronomical
astrophys. : astrophysics, astrophysicist, astrophysical
At : astatine
Atl.O. : Atlantic Ocean
Au : gold (Latin aurum)
au. : author
Aug. : August
Aus. : Austria, Austrian
Austl. : Australia
Austr. : Australia, Australian
aut.area: autonomous area
Av. : Avenida (Spanish:"Avenue'')
Ave. : Avenue
avg. : average
Azer. : Azerbaijan
b. : born
B.A. : Bachelor of Arts
B.C. : British Columbia
B.Ed. : Bachelor of Education
B.S., B.Sc. : Bachelor of Science
B : boron
Ba : barium
Babyl. : Babylonia, Babylonian
bac. : bacteriology, bacteriologist
Bah. : The Bahamas, Bahamian
Bahr. : Bahrain, Bahrainian
Bal.Is. : Balearic Islands
Bangl., Bangla. : Bangladesh, Bangladeshi
Barb. : Barbados, Barbadian
bart. : baronet
Bav. : Bavaria, Bavarian
BC : before Christ
BCE : before the Common Era, or Christian era
Be : beryllium
Beds. : Bedfordshire
Bela. : Belarus
Belg. : Belgium, Belgian
Ber. : Bermuda, Bermudan
Berks. : Berkshire
bev. : beverage
Bfld. : Battlefield
Bge. : Bridge
Bhut. : Bhutan, Bhutanese, Bhutani
Bi : bismuth
bibl. : biblical
biblio. : bibliography, bibliographer
biochem. : biochemistry, biochemist
biog. : biography, biographer
biogeog. : biogeography
biol. : biology, biologist, biological
Bk : berkelium
bldg. : building
Bldg. : Building
Bldgs. : Buildings
Blvd. : Boulevard
Bohem. : Bohemia, Bohemian
Bol. : Bolivia, Bolivian
boro. : borough
Bos.-Her. : Bosnia and Hercegovina
bot. : botany, botanist, botanical
Bots. : Botswana (country and people)
BP : before the present
bp. : bishop
Br : bromine
Br. : Britain, British
Braz. : Brazil, Brazilian
brig.gen. : brigadier general
Brit. : British
Brun. : Brunei
Bucks. : Buckinghamshire
Bulg. : Bulgaria, Bulgarian
Bur. : Burma, Burmese
Burk. : Burkina Faso
Buru. : Burundi, Burundian
bus. : business
Byz. : Byzantium, Byzantine
C : carbon; Celsius
C. : Cape
c. : about, approximately (Latin circa )
C.A.R. : Central African Republic
C.Am. : Central America
C.d'I. : C⌠te d'Ivoire
C.I. : C⌠te d'Ivoire
c.i.f. : cost, insurance, and freight
C.R. : Costa Rica, Costa Rican
C.Rica : Costa Rica
C.Verde : Cape Verde
Ca : calcium
CACM : Central American Common Market
Calif. : California
Camb. : Cambodia, Cambodian
Cambs. : Cambridgeshire
Camer. : Cameroon, Cameroons
Can. : Canada, Canadian
Can.Is. : Canary Islands
card. : cardinal
Carib. : Caribbean
caric. : caricature, caricaturist
Caricom: Caribbean Community and Common Market
cartog. : cartography, cartographer
Cath. : Catholicism, Catholic
cath. : cathedral
Cauc. : Caucasia, Caucasus
Cay.Is. : Cayman Islands
Cb : columbium
Cd: cadmium
CE: Christian Era, Common Era
Ce: cerium
Celt. : Celtic
Cent. : Central
cent. : century
Cent.Af.Rep. : Central African Republic
Cf: californium
cf. : compare (Latin confer)
CFA: Communaute Fin-ere Africaine
CFP: Comptoirs Franτaises du Pacifique
cg: centigram(s)
chan. : channel
Chan.Is. : Channel Islands
chem. : chemistry, chemist, chemical
Ches. : Cheshire
Chil. : Chilean
Chin. : Chinese
chron. : chronology
Cia. : Company (Italian Compagnia; Portuguese Companhia; Spanish Compa±ia)
Cie. : Company (French Compagnie)
CIS: Commonwealth of Independent States
Cl: chlorine
class. : classification, classical
cler. : clergyman
Cleve. : Cleveland (English county)
climat. : climatological, climatologist, climatology
CM: Council of Ministers
Cm: curium
cm: centimetre(s)
CMSA: consolidated metropolitan statistical area
Co: cobalt
Co. : Company, County
co. : company, county
Col. : Colonel
col(s). : column(s)
coll. : college; collector, collection
Colo. : Colorado
Colom. : Colombia, Colombian
com. : commerce, commercial; commission; committee; commune
Com. : Comoros
comdr. : commander
comdt. : commandant
commo. : commodore
commu. : communications
commun. : communications
comp. : composer
comp.sci. : computer science
Con.B. : Congo, Republic of (Brazzaville), Congolese
Con.K. : Congo, Democratic Republic of (Kinshasa), Congolese
Conn. : Connecticut
const. : construction
Cord. : Cordillera
Corn. : Cornwall
Corp. : Corporation
cos: cosine
cot: cotangent
CPI: consumer price index
Cr: chromium
crit. : critic, criticism
Cro. : Croatia
crystall. : crystallography, crystallographer
CS: Council of State
Cs: cesium
csc: cosecant
Cu: copper (Latin cuprum)
CUSA: Customs Union of Southern Africa
Cyp. : Cyprus, Cypriot
Cz.Rep. : Czech Republic
Czech. : Czechoslovakia
d. : died
DC: direct current
D.C. : District of Columbia
D.F. : Federal District (Spanish Distrito Federal)
D.Litt. : Doctor of Letters (Latin Doctor Litterarum)
Dan. : Danish
Dec. : December
Del. : Delaware
Dem., dem. : democratic
Den. : Denmark
Dept. : Department
dept. : department, dΘpartement, departamento
Derby. : Derbyshire
dermatol. : dermatology, dermatologist
dial. : dialect
dict. : dictionary
dipl. : diplomat, diplomacy
dir. : director
dist. : district
div. : division
Djib. : Djibouti
Dom. : Dominica
dom. : dominion
Dom.Rep. : Dominican Republic
Dr., dr. : doctor; drive
dram. : dramatist
Drav. : Dravidian
Du. : Dutch
Dy: dysprosium
E. : East, Eastern
E.Af. : East Africa
e.g. : for example (Latin exempli gratia)
E.Ger. : East Germany
E.Susx. : East Sussex
Ec. : Ecuador, Ecuadorian
EC: European Communities
eccl. : ecclesiastical, ecclesiast
econ. : economics, economist
ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States
Ecua. : Ecuador
Ed. : Britannica editor, or editors
ed. : edited; edition; editor
eds. : editors
educ. : education, educator
EEC: European Economic Community
Egy. : Egypt, Egyptian
El Sal. : El Salvador
El Salv. : El Salvador
elec. : electricity, electric, electrical, electronics
embryol. : embryology
emp. : empire, emperor, empress
encyc. : encyclopedia
Eng. : England; English
engin. : engineering, engineer
engr. : engraving, engraver
entom. : entomology, entomologist
Eq.Guin. : Equatorial Guinea
Equat.Guin. : Equatorial Guinea
Er: erbium
Es: einsteinium
est. : estimate, estimated; estuary
Est. : Estonia, Estonian
et al. : and others (Latin et alli, or aliae)
et seq. : and following page(s) (Latin et sequens, sequentese, or sequentia)
etc. : and so forth (Latin et cetera)
Eth. : Ethiopia, Ethiopian
ethnol. : ethnology, ethnologist
EU: The European Union
Eu: europium
Eur. : Europe, European
exec. : executive
expl. : explorer
Expwy. : Expressway
f. : father
f.o.b. : free on board
F: Fahrenheit; fluorine
Falk.Is. : Falkland Islands, Falklander
fam. : family
FAO: United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
FC: Federal Council
Fe: iron (Latin ferrum)
Feb.: February
Fed., fed.: federation, federal
ff. : and following pages
Fig. : Figure
Fili. : Filipino (native of the Philippines)
Fin. : Finland, Finnish
fin. : finance
fl. : flourished (Latin floruit)
Fla. : Florida
Flem. : Flemish
FM: frequency modulation
Fm: fermium
fol. : following
Found., found. : foundation
Fr: francium
Fr. : France, French
Fr.Guia. : French Guiana
Fr.Poly. : French Polynesia
Ft., ft. : fort
g: gram(s)
Ga: gallium
Ga. : Georgia
Gab. : Gabon, Gabonese
Gam. : Gambia, Gambian
Gd: gadolinium
GCC: Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP: gross domestic product
Ge: germanium
gen. : general
geneal. : genealogy, genealogist, genealogical
genet. : genetics, geneticist
Geo. : Georgia (country)
geog. : geography, geographer, geographical
geol. : geology, geologist, geological
geom. : geometry
geophys. : geophysics, geophysical, geophysicist
Ger. : Germany, German
GG: Governor-General
Gib. : Gibraltar
Glos. : Gloucestershire
GmbH: Company with Limited Liability (German Gesellschaft mit beschrΣnkter Haftung)
GNP: gross national product
gov. : governor
govt. : government
GPC: General People's Committee
Gr. : Greece, Greek
gram. : grammar, grammarian
Green. : Greenland
Gren. : Grenada
Gt.Br. : Great Britain
Gtr.London: Greater London
Gtr.Mches. : Greater Manchester
Guad. : Guadeloupe
Guat. : Guatemala, Guatemalan
Guin. : Guinea, Guinean
Guin.Bis. : Guinea-Bissau
Guy. : Guyana, Guyanan
H: hydrogen
h: hour(s)
h. : husband
H.K. : Hong Kong
Ha: hahnium
Hants. : Hampshire
Haw. : Hawaii, Hawaiian
Hbr. : Harbour
He: helium
Heb. : Hebrew
her. : heraldry
Here.&Worc. : Hereford and Worcester
Herts. : Hertfordshire
Hf: hafnium
Hg: mercury (Latin hydrargyrum)
hist. : history, historian, historical
HMS: His, or Her, Majesty's Ship, or Service
Ho: holmium
Holl. : Holland
Hon. : Honourable
Hond. : Honduras, Honduran
hort. : horticulture, horticulturist
Hosp. : Hospital
hts. : heights
Humbs. : Humberside
Hung. : Hungary, Hungarian
Hwy. : Highway
I: iodine
I. : Island
I-ADB: Inter-American Development Bank
I.E. : Indo-European
i.e. : that is (Latin id est)
I.of Man: Isle of Man
I.of Wight, or I.O.W. : Isle of Wight
Ia. : Iowa
IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency
ibid. : in the same place (Latin ibidem)
IBRD: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
Ice. : Iceland, Icelandic
ICAO: International Civil Aviation Organization
ICJ: International Court of Justice
Ida. : Idaho
IDA: International Development Association
IDB: Islamic Development Bank
IFC: International Finance Corporation
Ill. : Illinois
illus. : illustration
ILO: International Labour Organization
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IMO: International Maritime Organization
In: indium
Inc. : Incorporated
incl. : including
Ind. Res. : Indian Reservation
Ind. : Indiana
ind. : independent
Ind.O. : Indian Ocean
Indon. : Indonesia, Indonesian
indus. : industry, industrialist, industrial
Inst., inst. : institute, institution
instru. : instrument
internat. : international
Intl. : International
inv. : inventor
Ir: iridium
Ire. : Ireland
Is., is., isl(s). : island, islands
Isr. : Israel, Israeli
isth. : isthmus
It. : Italy, Italian
ITU: International Telecommunication Union
Jam. : Jamaica, Jamaican
Jan. : January
Jor. : Jordan, Jordanian
journ. : journal, journalist, journalism
Jr. : Junior
jur. : jurist
K: potassium (Latin kalium); Kelvin; K÷chel catalog number
k. : king
Kamp. : Kampuchea, Kampuchean
Kan. : Kansas
Kazakh. : Kazakhstan
Ken. : Kenya, Kenyan
KG: Limited Partnership (German Kommandit Gesellschaft)
kg: kilogram
king. : kingdom
Kiri. : Kiribati
Kitts/N. : Saint Kitts and Nevis
KK: Limited-liability Company (Japanese Kabushiki Kaisha)
km: kilometre(s)
Kor. : Korea, Korean
Kr: krypton
Kuw. : Kuwait, Kuwaiti
Ky. : Kentucky
Kyrgyz. : Kyrgyzstan
L
L. : Lake
l. : lake; lane
La: lanthanum
La. : Louisiana
Lab. : Labrador, Labradorian
Lancs. : Lancashire
lang. : language
LAS: League of Arab States
Lat. : Latin
Lat.Am. : Latin America, Latin American
law. : lawyer
lb. : pound(s)
Leb. : Lebanon, Lebanese
Lee.Is. : Leeward Islands
leg. : legend, legendary; legislation
Leic. : Leicestershire
Les., Leso. : Lesotho
Lib. : Liberia, Liberian
libn. : librarian
Liech. : Liechtenstein
lieut. : lieutenant
Lincs. : Lincolnshire
ling. : linguistics, linguist
lit. : literature, literary
Lith. : Lithuania, Lithuanian
litho. : lithography, lithographer
LL.B. : Bachelor of Laws (Latin Legum Baccalaureus)
LL.D. : Doctor of Laws (Latin Legum Doctor)
log: logarithm
Lr: lawrencium
Ltd. : Limited
Lu: lutetium
Lucia: Saint Lucia
Lux., Luxem. : Luxembourg, Luxembourgian
m: metre(s)
m. : married
MA: metropolitan area
M.A. : Master of Arts
M.D. : Doctor of Medicine (Latin Medicinae Doctor)
M.Glam. : Mid Glamorgan
M.S., M.Sc. : Master of Science
Maced. : Macedonia, Macedonian
Mad., Madag. : Madagascar, Madagascan
mag. : magazine
maj. : major
Mal., Malay. : Malaysia, Malaysian
Malag.Rep. : Malagasy Republic
Mald. : Maldives, Maldivan
Man. : Manitoba
manag. : manager
Marsh.Is. : Marshall Islands
Mart. : Martinique, Martinican
Mass. : Massachusetts
math. : mathematics, mathematician, mathematical
Maurits. : Mauritius
mbH: Limited; with Limited Liability (German mit beschrΣnkter Haftung)
Md. : Maryland
Me. : Maine
meas. : measure, measurement
mech. : mechanics
med. : medicine, medical
Medit. : Mediterranean
Mem. : Memorial
mer. : merchant
Mers. : Merseyside
Mesop. : Mesopotamia, Mesopotamian
met. : metallurgy, metallurgist, metallurgical
meteorol. : meteorology, meteorologist
Mex. : Mexico, Mexican
mfr. : manufacture, manufacturer
Mg: magnesium
mg: milligram(s)
Mich. : Michigan
microbiol. : microbiology, microbiologist
Micron. : Micronesia
Mil., mil. : military
min: minute(s)
min. : mineral, mining, mineralogist, mineralogical
minis. : minister
Minn. : Minnesota
Miss. : Mississippi
Mlle: Mademoiselle
mm: millimetre(s)
Mme: Madame
Mn: manganese
Mo: molybdenum
Mo. : Missouri
mo. : month(s)
mod. : modern
Moldv. : Moldova
Mon. : Monaco, Monacan, Monagasque
Mon., mon. : monument
Mong. : Mongolia, Mongolian
Mont. : Montana
Monts. : Montserrat
Mor. : Morocco, Moroccan
Moz., Mozam. : Mozambique, Mozambican
MP: member of Parliament
Mr. : Mister
Mrs. : "Missus''
ms(s). : manuscript(s)
MSA: metropolitan statistical area
Mt., Mtn., Mts., mt., mts. : Mount, mount(s), mountain(s)
Mtania. : Mauritania
mun. : municipality
Mus. : Museum
mus. : music, musician, musical
MV: Motor Vessel
Myan. : Myanmar
myth. : mythology, mythological
N: nitrogen; north
N. : North, Northern
n.a. : not available (in text)
N.Af. : North Africa
N.Am. : North America
N.B. : New Brunswick; Naval Base
N.C. : North Carolina
N.Cal. : New Caledonia
N.Dak., or N.D. : North Dakota
n.e.s. : not elsewhere specified
N.G. : New Guinea
N.H. : New Hampshire
N.Ire. : Northern Ireland
N.J. : New Jersey
N.Kor. : North Korea
N.Mex., or N.M. : New Mexico
N.S. : New Style (calendar)
N.S. : Nova Scotia
N.S.W. : New South Wales
N.Terr. : Northern Territory (Australia)
N.W.Terr. : Northwest Territories (Canada)
N.Y. : New York
N.Y.C. : New York City
N.Yorks. : North Yorkshire
N.Z. : New Zealand
NA: National Association
Na: sodium (Latin natrium)
Nam., Namib. : Namibia
Nat. Res. : Nature Reserve
nat. : naturalist
Natl. Pk. : National Park
Natl., natl. : national
naut. : nautical
nav. : naval
navig. : navigator
Nb: niobium
Nd: neodymium
NE: northeast
Ne: neon
Neb. : Nebraska
NECMA: New England county metropolitan area
Neth. : The Netherlands
Neth.Ant. : Netherlands Antilles
Nev. : Nevada
New Cal. : New Caledonia
news. : newspaper
Nfd. : Newfoundland
Ni: nickel
Nic. : Nicaragua, Nicaraguan
nick. : nickname
Nig. : Nigeria, Nigerian
NMP: net material product
No: nobelium
no. : number
Nor. : Norway, Norwegian
Norf. : Norfolk
Northants. : Northamptonshire
Northum. : Northumberland
Notts. : Nottinghamshire
Nov. : November
Np: neptunium
NS: Nuclear Ship
NV: Limited-liability Company (Dutch Naamloze Vennootschap)
NW: northwest
O: oxygen
O.S. : Old Style (calendar)
OAS: Organization of American States
OAU: Organization of African Unity
obl. : oblast
Oct. : October
OECS: Organization of Eastern Caribbean States
of. : officer
offi. : official
Okla. : Oklahoma
okr. : okrug
Ont. : Ontario
op. : opus
op.cit. : in the work cited (Latin opere, or opus, citato)
OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Ore. : Oregon
org(s). : organization(s)
Os: osmium
osteol. : osteology
osteop. : osteopathology, osteopath
Oxon. : Oxfordshire
p. : page
P.E.I. : Prince Edward Island
P.N.G. : Papua New Guinea
P.R. : Puerto Rico, Puerto Rican
P: phosphorus
Pa. : Pennsylvania
pA: Limited (Italian per Azioni)
Pa: protactinium
Pac.O. : Pacific Ocean
paint. : painting, painter
Pak. : Pakistan, Pakistani
Pal. : Palace
Pal. : Palestine, Palestinian
paleob. : paleobotany, paleobotanist
paleog. : paleogeography
paleon. : paleontology, paleontologist
Pan. : Panama, Panamanian
Pap.N.G. : Papua New Guinea, Papuan
Par., Para. : Paraguay, Paraguayan
parl. : parliament
passim to: references scattered between (or continues for duration of) pages cited
path. : pathology, pathologist
Pb: lead (Latin plumbum)
Pd: palladium
Pen. : Peninsula
penin. : peninsula
perf. : performed; performance
period. : periodical
Pers. : Persia, Persian
petrol. : petrology, petrologist
Ph.D. : Doctor of Philosophy (Latin Philosophiae Doctor)
pH: potential of hydrogen (acidity-alkalinity factor)
pharm. : pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmacology, pharmacologist
Phil. : Philippines
philan. : philanthropy, philanthropist
philol. : philology, philologist
philos. : philosophy, philosopher
phot. : photography, photographer
phys. : physics, physicist
physic. : physician
physiol. : physiology, physiologist, physiological
Pk. : Park; Peak
Pkwy. : Parkway
pl. : plural
Pl. : Place
Plat., plat. : plateau
PLC: Public Limited Company
PM: afternoon (Latin post meridiem)
Pm: promethium
PMSA: primary metropolitan statistical area
PNA: Palestine National Authority
Po: polonium
Pol. : Poland
Pol. : Poland, Polish
pol. : politics, politician, political
pol.sci. : political science
Poly. : Polynesia, Polynesian
pop. : population
Port. : Portugal, Portuguese
pos. : position
poss. : possession
pp. : pages
Pr: praseodymium
pr. : priest
pr.min. : prime minister
PRC: Provisional Ruling Council
preft. : prefecture
prelim. : preliminary (census)
pres. : president
print. : printing, printer
prof. : professor
Prot. : Protectorate; Protestant
Prov. Pk. : Provincial Park
Prov. : Province
prov. : province, provincial
pseud. : pseudonym, pseudonymous
psychol. : psychology, psychologist, psychological
Pt: platinum
Pt. : Point
pt. : point
ptg. : printing
Pu: plutonium
pub. : public; publication
pub. admin. : public administration
publ. : publisher
PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride
pvt. : private
q. : queen
q.v. : which see (singular; Latin quod vide)
qq.v. : which see (plural; Latin quae vide)
Que. : Quebec, Quebecer, Quebecker
Queen., Queens., or Qld. : Queensland
R: Rankine
R. : River
R.I. : Rhode Island
R.R., r.r. : railroad
Ra: radium
Rb: rubidium
Rd., rd. : road
Re: rhenium
rear adm. : rear admiral
ref. : reference
reg. : region
rel. : religion, religious
rep. : representative; republic
Res. : Reservoir; Reservation
res. : reservoir
reserva. : reservation
resid. : residency
rev. : revised; revision
rev. : revolution, revolutionary
Rf: rutherfordium
Rh: rhodium
riv. : river
Rn: radon
Rom. : Romania
Rom. : Romania, Romanian
Ru: ruthenium
Russ. : Russia, Russian
Rw. : Rwanda, Rwand
ry. : railway
S: South; sulfur
s: second(s)
S., s. : Saint ( San, Santo, Sant' )
S. : South, Southern
S.Af. : South Africa, South African
S.Am. : South America, South American
S.Aus., S.Austr. : South Australia
S.C. : South Carolina
S.Dak., or S.D. : South Dakota
S.F.S.R. : Soviet Federated Socialist Republic
S.Glam. : South Glamorgan
S.Kor. : South Korea
S.L. : Sierra Leone
S.S.R. : Soviet Socialist Republic
S.TomΘ: Sπo TomΘ and Prφncipe
S.Yorks. : South Yorkshire
SA: Limited-liability Company (French SociΘtΘ Anonyme; Italian Societα An≥nima; Portuguese Sociedade An≤nima; Spanish Sociedad An≤nima)
Sam. : Samoa, Samoan
San Mar. : San Marino
Sask. : Saskatchewan
Saud.Ar., Saud.Arab. : Saudi Arabia, Saudi, Saudi Arabian
Sb: antimony (Latin stibium)
SC: State Council
Sc: scandium
Scand. : Scandinavia, Scandinavian
schol. : scholar
sci. : science, scientist, scientific
Scot. : Scotland, Scottish
SCSA: standard consolidated statistical area
sculp. : sculpture, sculptor
SDR: Special Drawing Right
SE: southeast
Se: selenium
sec: secant; second(s)
Sen., Seneg. : Senegal, Senegalese
sen. : senator
Sept. : September
Sey., Seych. : Seychelles
sgt. : sergeant
Shrops. : Shropshire
Si: silicon
Sib. : Siberia, Siberian
sin: sine
Sing. : Singapore, Singaporean
SITC: Standard International Trade Classification
SLORC: State Law and Order Restoration Council
Slvk. : Slovakia
Slvn. : Slovenia
Sm: samarium
Sn: tin (Latin stannum)
soc. : society, social; socialist
sociol. : sociology, sociologist, sociological
Sol.Is. : Solomon Islands
Som. : Somali, Somalia (Somali Republic), Somalian
Somer. : Somerset
Sov. : Soviet
Sp. : Spain, Spanish
SpA: Limited-liability Company (Italian Societα per Azioni)
SPC: South Pacific Commission
spr(s). : spring(s)
Spr. : Spring
Sprs. : Springs
Sq. : Square
Sr. : Senior
Sr: strontium
Sri L. : Sri Lanka
SS., ss. : Saints
SS: Steamship
St. Pk. : State Park
St., st. : Saint ( Sankt, Sint); state; street
St.Kitts: Saint Kitts and Nevis
St.P.&M. : Saint Pierre and Miquelon
Sta. : Saint ( Santa)
Staffs. : Staffordshire
states. : statesman
statis. : statistician, statistics
Ste. : Saint (French Sainte)
Str., str. : strait
Strs. : Straits
Sud. : Sudan, Sudanese
Suff. : Suffolk
Sum. : Sumatra
Sur., Suri. : Suriname
surg. : surgery, surgeon
svcs. : services
SW: southwest
Swaz. : Swaziland
Swed. : Sweden, Swedish
Switz. : Switzerland
Syr. : Syria, Syrian
Ta: tantalum
Tai. : Taiwan, Taiwanese
Tajik. : Tajikistan
Tan., or Tanz. : Tanzania, Tanzanian
tan: tangent
Tanz. : Tanzania
Tas. : Tasmania, Tasmanian
Tb: terbium
Tc: technetium
Te: tellurium
teacher tr. : teacher training
tech. : technology, technological
Tenn. : Tennessee
Terr. : Territory; Terrace
terr. : territory, territorial
Terrs. : Territories
Tex. : Texas
Th: thorium
Thai. : Thailand, Thai
thea. : theatre, theatrical
theol. : theology, theologian, theological
Ti: titanium
Tib. : Tibet, Tibetan
Tl: thallium
Tm: thulium
Tpk. : Turnpike
Tr. and Tob. : Trinidad and Tobago
Tr.Terr.Pac.Is. : Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
trag. : tragedy, tragedian
trans. : translated; translation; translator(s)
transp. : transportation
trib. : tributary
trig. : trigonometry
Trin./Tob. : Trinidad and Tobago
Trin. : Trinidad
Tun. : Tunisia, Tunisian
Tur. : Turkey, Turkish
Turkm. : Turkmenistan
Tuv. : Tuvalu, Tuvaluan
twp. : township
typog. : typography
U: uranium
U.A.E. : United Arab Emirates
U.K. : United Kingdom
U.S. : United States
U.S.A. : United States of America
U.S.S.R. : Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Ugan. : Uganda, Ugandan
Ukr. : Ukraine
UN: United Nations
UNCTAD: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNICEF: United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO: United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Univ., univ. : university
UPU: Universal Postal Union
Uru., Urug. : Uruguay, Uruguayan
USGPO: United States Government Printing Office
USS: United States Ship
Uzbek. : Uzbekistan
V: vanadium
v. : versus
Va. : Virginia
Va. : Virginia
val. : valley
Van. : Vanuatu
var. : variant
Venez. : Venezuela, Venezuelan
vet. : veterinarian, veterinary
Vic. : Victoria
vice adm. : vice admiral
vice pres. : vice president
Viet. : Vietnam, Vietnamese
vil. : vilayet
Vinc./G. : Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Vir.Is. : Virgin Islands
viz. : namely (Latin videlicet)
voc. : vocational
Vol. : Volcano
vol. : volume(s)
Vt. : Vermont
W: west; tungsten (wolfram)
W. : West, Western
w. : wife
W.Af. : West Africa, West African
W.Aus., W.Austr. : Western Australia
W.Ger. : West Germany
W.Glam. : West Glamorgan
W.I. : West Indies
W.Mids. : West Midlands
W.Sam., W.Samoa: Western Samoa, Western Samoan
W.Susx. : West Sussex
W.Va. : West Virginia
W.W. : world war
W.Yorks. : West Yorkshire
Warw. : Warwickshire
Wash. : Washington
WHO: World Health Organization
Wilts. : Wiltshire
Wis. : Wisconsin
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization
WMO: World Meteorological Organization
writ. : writer
WTO: World Trade Organization
Wyo. : Wyoming
Xe: xenon
Y: yttrium
Yb: ytterbium
Yem. : Yemen, Yemeni
Yugos. : Yugoslavia, Yugoslavian
Zamb. : Zambia
Zimb. : Zimbabwe, Zimbabwean
Zn: zinc
zool. : zoology, zoologist, zoological
Zor. : Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrian
Zr: zirconium The following symbols and abbreviations are used in Britannica.